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Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Another€one€of€the€formulators,€Jacob€Ô_ÔAndreaeÔ_Ô,€had€included€a€sermon€on€adiaphora€in€his€ð ðSix€ChristianÐ ° ÐSermons,ðð€published€in€1573.€€These€sermons€were€developed€into€the€Ô_ÔSwabianÔ_Ô€Concord€of€1574,€and€the€line€fromÏthere€can€be€traced€to€the€Formula€itself€in€1577.€€But€Article€X€and€the€Formula€as€a€whole€Ô_ÔoweÔ_Ô€just€as€much,€if€notÏmore,€to€the€work€of€Chemnitz.€€ð ðÔ_ÔAndreaeÔ_Ô€and€Chemnitz€are€the€theologians€to€whom€more€than€any€other€two€menÏour€Church€owes€the€òòFormula€of€Concordóó.€.€.€.€However,€it€is€Chemnitz€who,€more€than€Ô_ÔAndreaeÔ_Ô€or€any€otherÐ Ä Ðtheologian,€must€be€credited€with€the€theological€clarity€and€correctness€which€characterizes€the€òòFormulaóó.ðð€€F.€Ô_ÔBenteÔ_Ô,Ð ‰Ù Ðð ðHistorical€Introductions€to€the€Symbolical€Books€of€the€Evangelical€Lutheran€Church,ðð€in€òòConcordia€Ô_ÔTriglottaÔ_Ôóó€(St.Ð N ž ÐLouis:€Concordia€Publishing€House,€1921),€243. KÝ ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€The€quotations€in€this€section€are€from€an€unpublished€translation€by€Randy€Asburry€of€ð ðConcerningÐ ° ÐAdiaphora,ðð€which€is€Article€X€of€òòJudgment€[Iudicium]€on€Certain€Controversies€Concerning€Certain€Articles€of€theÐ uÅ ÐAugsburg€Confession€Which€Have€Recently€Arisen€and€Caused€Controversyóó€(1561).€€Some€of€these€same€quotationsÐ :Š Ðmay€also€be€found€in€the€section€on€òòThe€Judiciumóó€(pages€85„88)€in€Matthew€C.€Harrisonððs€essay,€ð ðMartin€ChemnitzÐ ÿO Ðand€FC€X,ðð€in€òòMysteria€Dei:€Essays€in€Honor€of€Kurt€Marquartóó,€ed.€Paul€T.€McCain€and€John€R.€Stephenson€(FortÐ Ä ÐWayne:€Concordia€Theological€Seminary€Press,€1999). Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€€Martin€Chemnitz,€òòExamination€of€the€Council€of€Trentóó,€Part€I€(1565),€trans.€Fred€Kramer€(St.€Louis:Ð ° ÐConcordia€Publishing€House,€1971),€267. *Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€The€most€thorough€English„language€biography€of€Chemnitz€is€òòThe€Second€Martin:€The€Life€and€TheologyÐ ° Ðof€Martin€Chemnitzóó,€by€J.€A.€O.€Preus€(St.€Louis:€Concordia€Publishing€House,€1994).€€On€the€leading€role€ofÐ uÅ ÐChemnitz€in€the€framing€of€the€Formula,€Preus€echoes€Bente€when€he€says,€ð ðChemnitz€is€the€real€author€of€theÏFormula,€and€it€expresses€his€theology€in€nearly€every€pointðð€(190). ~Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€268. ˆÝ ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Idem. ­Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€269;€Ô_ÔitalicsÔ_Ô€added. ‰Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Idem. Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€270. Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€271. „Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Canon€XIII,€Seventh€Session€of€the€Council€of€Trent,€1547;€Ô_ÔitalicsÔ_Ô€added.€€Martin€Chemnitz,€òòExaminationÐ ° Ðof€the€Council€of€Trentóó,€Part€I€(1566),€trans.€Fred€Kramer€(St.€Louis:€Concordia€Publishing€House,€1978),€108. Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€145. ’Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Kurt€Kronenberg,€ð ðDie€Reformation€im€Lande€Braunschweig,ðð€in€òòVier€Jahrhunderte€LutherischeÐ ° ÐLandeskirche€in€Braunschweigóó,€Festschrift,€ed.€Landeskirchenamt€Wolfenbttel€(Braunschweig:€Georg€Westermann,Ð uÅ Ð1968),€16.€€Quoted€in€Preus,€151. ‰Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Idem. yÝ ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Idem. Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€109. ‚Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€116„17. Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€117. ½Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Chapter€V,€22òòndóó€session€of€the€Council€of€Trent,€1562.€€Ibid.,€524. Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Preus,€133. ¦Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú25Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Martin€Chemnitz€and€Jacob€Andreae,€ð ðKirchenordnung€unser,€von€Gottes€genaden€Julii,€herzogen€zuÐ ° ÐBraunschweig€und€Lneburg€etc.€€Wie€es€mit€lehr€und€ceremonien€unsers€frstenthumbs€Braunschweig,ÏWulffenbtlischen€theils,€auch€derselben€kirchen€anhangenden€sachen€und€verrichtungen€hinfurt€(vermittelst€gttlicherÏgnaden)€gehalten€werden€sol.ðð€€The€text€is€in€òòDie€evangelischen€Kirchenordnungen€des€XVI.€Jahrhundertsóó,€vol.€6.1,Ð ÿO Ðed.€Emil€Sehling€(Tbingen:€J.€C.€B.€Mohr,€1955),€83€ff.€€Quoted€in€Harrison,€90„92. ‚Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€524„25. Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€526. 4Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú26Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Chemnitz€and€Andreae,€in€Sehling.€€Quoted€in€Joseph€Herl,€òòLiturgical€prescriptions€in€German€churchÐ ° Ðorders€to€1800óó,€unpub‚lished€data€file,€1997.Ð uÅ Ð šÝ ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú27Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Sehling,€471.€€Quoted€in€Harrison,€92. ‹Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Quoted€in€Harrison,€79. ‘Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Tappert,€610. Ý ƒ4üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ô¥üõXXÔ€Ibid.,€612. dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€dxXdídÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óà€÷÷9(#àCharles€HenricksonˆÌà€££5(#àCreeds€and€ConfessionsˆÌà€ÒÒ?(#àMayñq ñ€24ñq ñ,€2000ˆÌÌÔ€î•KîXXÔòòò òà@¿ ¿ ìàChemnitz€on€Rites€and€Ceremonies:ˆÐ d´ Ðà@ððìàConfessional€Principle,€Confessional€Practiceóóó óˆÐ ‰ Ù ÐÌÔ€XdxXîî•KÔÓÓà  àWhen€advocates€of€ð ðcontemporary€worshipðð€in€the€Lutheran€Church„Missouri€Synod€wantÐ Ó # Ðto€defend€their€practice€on€confessional€grounds,€they€invariably€cite€Article€X€of€the€òòFormula€ofÐ ­ ý  ÐConcordóó,׃6×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€especially€the€portion€that€reads,€ð ð.€.€.€the€community€of€God€in€every€place€and€at€everyÐ ‡×  Ðtime€has€the€right,€authority,€and€power€to€change,€to€reduce,€or€to€increase€ceremonies€accordingÏto€its€circumstances.€.€.€.ðð׃2ó×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€response,€certain€questions€arise:€€Is€this€a€fair€use€of€that€article?€€IsÐ ;‹ Ðthe€portion€quoted€being€taken€in€context€and€employed€according€to€the€spirit€of€the€article?€€WouldÏthe€ð ðFormulators€of€Concordðð€approve€of€such€an€application?€€What€was€their€actual€practice?Ìà  àTo€begin€to€address€those€questions,€and€to€provide€background€for€Article€X€of€the€Formula,Ïthis€brief€paper€will€focus€on€the€confessional€principle€and€practice€of€the€ð ðchief€formulator,ððÏMartin€Chemnitz.׃7 ×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Chemnitz€(1522„86),€often€has€been€called€the€ð ðSecond€Martinðð€of€the€LutheranÐ }Í ÐReformation,€due€to€his€importance€as€a€theologian€and€churchman.׃:×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€This€paper€will€traceÐ ° ÐChemnitzðð€confessional€principle€toward€ceremonies€and€rites€through€several€of€his€writings:€Ïð ðConcerning€Adiaphora,ðð€from€òòJudgment€[Iudicium]€on€Certain€Controversies.€.€.€.óó€(1561);€andÐ d´ Ðð ðConcerning€Traditions,ðð€ð ðConcerning€the€Rites€in€the€Administration€of€the€Sacraments,ðð€andÏð ðConcerning€the€Ceremonies€of€the€Mass,ðð€from€Parts€I€and€II€of€òòExamination€[Examen]€of€theÐ  h ÐCouncil€of€Trentóó€(1565€and€1566).€€How€Chemnitz€put€his€principle€into€practice€then€will€be€seenÐ ò B  Ðin€his€work€as€a€church€superintendent,€especially€in€the€òòChurch€Order€[Kirchenordnung]€forÐ Ì  ÐBraunschweig-Wolfenbttelóó€(1569).Ð ¦ö  Ðà@ìàò òTHE€CONFESSIONAL€PRINCIPLE€OF€CHEMNITZ€THE€THEOLOGIANó óˆÐ €Ð Ðà@ùùìàò òð ðConcerning€Adiaphora,ðð€òòJudgment€[Iudicium]€on€Certain€Controversies.€.€.€.óó€(1561)ó ó׃8¤×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׈Ð X¨ Ðà  àWhat€lay€in€the€historical€background€of€Chemnitzðð€writings€on€ceremonies€and€rites€wasÏthe€Adiaphoristic€Controversy€of€the€late€1540s€and€early€1550s.€€Under€the€Augsburg€and€LeipzigÏInterims,€certain€ceremonies€were€forced€upon€the€Lutherans€by€the€Roman€Catholics,€and€some€ofÏthe€Lutherans€yielded€under€pressure.€€Even€after€the€interims€were€lifted,€the€matter€continued€toÏbe€debated€among€the€Lutherans€into€the€1560s€and€1570s.€€It€is€in€this€context€that€Chemnitz€writesÏon€the€subject€of€adiaphora.Ð r  Їà  àChemnitz€defines€adiaphora€as€ð ðrites€in€the€Church€which€God€neither€commands€nor€forbidsÏin€His€Word.ðð€€Regarding€such€rites,€Chemnitz€lays€down€his€basic€principle,€namely,€that€GodÏð ðpermits€matters€of€freedom€Ô_Ôin€HisÔ_Ô€church€with€this€general€idea€that€in€the€church€they€serveÏdecorum,€order,€instruction,€edification,€or€duties€of€love.ðð€€Striking€the€right€balance€of€freedomÏand€order€is€the€general€rule€under€normal€circumstances.Ìà  àHowever,€not€all€traditions€at€all€times€fit€the€category€of€adiaphora.€€If€they€conflict€withÏGodððs€Word,€they€are€obviously€excluded.€€If€the€rites€in€themselves€do€not€conflict€with€GodððsÏWord,€but€if€opinions€about€merit€or€necessity€or€superstition€are€attached€to€them,€then€they€are€notÏadiaphora.€€Also€to€be€excluded€are€ð ðabsurd€and€theatrical€actions,€Ô_Ôidle€and€useless€ceremoniesÔ_Ô,Ïwhich€serve€neither€instruction,€nor€decorum,€nor€order,€but€expose€religion€itself€to€mockery€andÏmake€people€impious.ðð€€Nor€are€rites€matters€of€indifference€when,€by€their€observance,€ð ðtheÏenemies€of€true€doctrine€are€supported€and€the€weak€are€offended€or€grow€weaker,ðð€when€ð ðthe€weakÏand€those€not€yet€strengthened€enough€are€confused€.€.€.€,€with€the€result€that€either€they€begin€toÏdoubt€the€entire€manner€of€doctrine,€or€they€incline€to€fall€away.ðð€€Chemnitz€describes€how€at€theÏtime€of€the€interims,€the€use€or€non„use€of€certain€adiaphora€ceased€to€be€a€matter€of€indifference.€ÏFor€ð ðwhen€the€purity€of€doctrine€is€suppressed,€corrupted€or€destroyed,€either€by€force€or€by€deceitÏor€trickery,ðð€ð ðwith€rites€which€are€in€themselves€and€by€nature€adiaphora,ðð€at€that€time€ð ða€case€ofÏconfession€is€enjoined.ððÌà  àIn€general,€though,€the€basic€rule€on€rites€is€this:€€ð ðCeremonies€ought€to€aid,€promote€andÏretain€true€piety,€edification,€instruction,€order€and€decorum.ðð€€The€side€of€freedom€is€upheld,€yetÏbalanced€by€the€constraints€of€love€and€order.€€Chemnitz€quotes€Luther:€€ð ðOur€people€.€.€.€do€not€seekÏsome€kind€of€wantonnessðð€or€ð ðdispute€only€with€a€zeal€for€novelty.ððÐ ’+â&* Їà@HHìàò òð ðConcerning€Traditions,ðð€òòExamination€of€the€Council€of€Trentóó,€Part€I€(1565)ó óˆÐ ° Ðà  àThe€Roman€Catholic€Council€of€Trent€met€in€sessions€starting€in€1545€and€ending€in€1563.€ÏMartin€Chemnitz€undertook€an€òòExamination€of€the€Council€of€Trentóó€[òòExamen€Concilii€Tridentinióó]Ð b² Ðover€the€years€1565„73.€€In€Part€I€of€his€òòExamenóó€(1565),€Chemnitz€takes€up€the€topic,€ð ðConcerningÐ < Œ ÐTraditions.ðð€€He€examines€eight€kinds€of€traditions,€the€seventh€of€which€is€that€of€ð ðcertain€ancientÏrites€and€customs€which€they€[the€ancients]€traced€back€to€the€apostles€because€of€their€antiquity.ðð׃9×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Рð @  ÐThe€ð ðpapalists,ðð€as€Chemnitz€calls€them,€were€using€the€ancient€commendation€of€these€unwrittenÏtraditions€to€justify€their€own€insistence€on€certain€unscriptural€dogmas,€and€Chemnitz€points€outÏthat€distinction.€€But€it€affords€Chemnitz€the€opportunity€to€discuss€traditional€ceremonies€and€ritesÏin€general.Ìà  àChemnitz€sees€that€a€difference€in€doctrine€between€the€parties€was€driving€their€currentÏdifference€in€rites.€€ð ðAnd€if€agreement€in€doctrine€were€previously€established,€then€a€way€andÏagreement€about€rites€could€easily€be€attained.ðð׃;×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð æ6 Ðà  àChemnitz€draws€distinctions€among€several€types€of€traditional€rites.€€One€type€is€that€which,Ïwhile€not€explicitly€commanded€in€Scripture,€does€serve€the€cause€of€scriptural€doctrine:ÌÓÓà0  àThere€are€some€rites€which€can€be€proved€from€the€Scripture,€because€they€contain€the€use,Ïexercise,€and€profitable€explanation€of€that€doctrine€which€is€divinely€revealed€in€theÏScripture.€.€.€.€Such€rites€we€rightly€love€and€retain:€€Ô_ÔasÔ_Ô€the€confession€of€faith,€theÏrenunciation€of€Satan,€and€other€rites€in€the€act€of€Baptism,€which€explain€and€illustrate€theÏdoctrine€concerning€Baptism€which€is€delivered€in€the€Scripture€as€profitably€forÏedification.׃<§×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÓŒÓÐ%e #(#(# Їà  àChemnitz€goes€on€to€list€several€criteria€for€evaluating€ceremonies,€and€those€areÏð ðedification,€decorum,€and€orderðð:ÌÓÓà0  àAnd€I€judge€that€such€rites€should€certainly€be€retained€and€Ô_ÔpreservedÔ_Ô€which€.€.€.€òòfirstóó€of€all,Ð d´ Ðmake€for€òòedificationóó,€that€men€may€be€invited€to€the€Word,€to€the€sacraments,€and€to€otherÐ Q ¡ Ðexercises€of€piety;€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€the€doctrine€may€be€more€aptly€set€forth,€valued€more,€received€moreÏeagerly,€and€better€retained;€Ô_ÔandÔ_Ô€that€penitence,€faith,€prayer,€piety,€and€mercy€may€beÏkindled€and€cherished,€etc.€€òòSecondlyóó,€those€which€serve€good€òòorderóó;€Ô_ÔforÔ_Ô€there€it€is€necessaryÐ  h Ðthat€in€the€public€meetings€of€the€church€there€be€order€worthy€of€churchly€dignity.€€òòThirdlyóó,Ð  U  Ðthose€which€make€for€òòdecorumóó.€€Now,€by€decorum€we€understand€not€theatrical€pomp€orÐ ò B  Ðcourtly€splendor€but€such€decorum€as€shows€by€means€of€external€rites€the€honor€in€whichÏwe€hold€the€Word,€the€sacraments,€and€the€remaining€churchly€functions,€and€by€whichÏothers€are€invited€to€reverence€toward€the€Word,€the€sacraments,€and€the€assemblies€of€theÏchurch.׃=×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ó¤ ÓЦö (#(# Ðà  àIn€regard€to€the€nature€of€ceremonies€as€adiaphora,€Chemnitz€once€again€upholds€theÏprinciple€of€Christian€liberty:€€ð ð.€.€.€this€whole€kind,€except€in€the€case€of€offense,€should€be€observedÏin€freedom,€so€that€they€can€be€instituted,€changed,€or€done€away€with€for€reasons€of€edification,Ïplace,€time,€persons,€etc.ðð׃>U×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ð ðFor€the€doctrine€is€universal€and€perpetual,€but€the€ceremonies€can€beÐ ^ Ðfreely€changed€according€to€circumstances.ðð׃?â×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð è8 Ðà  àHowever,€as€before,€this€liberty€is€not€to€be€used€as€license.€€Chemnitz€commends€Ô_Ôa€properÏtraditionalismÔ_Ô,€and€he€quotes€approvingly€Jerome€and€Augustine€in€this€regard:ÌÓÓà0  àTherefore€we€do€not€simply€reject€and€condemn€all€traditions€which€are€of€this€kind.€.€.€.ÏJerome€writes€.€.€.€that€the€churchly€traditions,€especially€such€as€do€not€harm€the€faith,€areÏto€be€observed€as€they€were€handed€down€by€the€elders.€.€.€.€Augustine€says:€€ð ðWhatever€isÏcommanded€that€does€not€hinder€faith€or€good€Ô_Ômorals€isÔ_Ô€to€be€considered€an€indifferent€thingÏand€observed€for€the€benefit€of€those€among€whom€one€lives.ðð׃@o×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÓX)ÓÐ*$z"(#(# Їò òà@ƒ ƒ ìàòòExamination€of€the€Council€of€Trentóó,€Part€II€(1566)ó óˆÐ ° Ðà@D D ìàò òð ðConcerning€the€Rites€in€the€Administration€of€the€Sacramentsððó óˆÐ ˆØ Ðà  àChemnitz€begins€this€section€by€quoting€the€relevant€canon€from€the€Council€of€Trent:ÌÓÓà0  àIf€anyone€says€that€the€received€and€approved€rites€of€the€Catholic€Church,€customarily€usedÏin€the€solemn€administration€of€the€sacraments,€can€without€sin€òòbe€either€despised€or€omittedÐ ' w Ðat€their€pleasure€by€the€ministers,€or€be€changed€into€other€new€ones€by€any€pastor€of€theÏchurchesóó,€let€him€be€anathema.׃A×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ó-ÓÐ Q (#(# Ðà  àChemnitz€sees€the€wording€here€as€cunning,€because€this€canon€does€contain€a€grain€of€truth:ÌÓÓà0  à.€.€.€although€they€know€what€liberty€the€Word€of€God€grants€to€the€church€in€rites€of€thisÏkind,€they€cunningly€add€that€this€must€not€be€done€at€the€pleasure€of€every€minister€of€theÏchurches.€€And€indeed,€for€the€sake€of€order€and€decorum€it€should€not€be€permitted€toÏeveryone€willfully,€without€the€decision€and€Ô_ÔconsentÔ_Ô€of€the€church,€just€because€he€desiresÏit,€either€to€omit€or€change€anything€even€in€external€and€indifferent€things.׃D×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ón/ÓÐi¹(#(# Ðà  àSo€Chemnitz€agrees€that€an€individual€minister€should€not,€on€his€own,€change€the€churchððsÏcustomary€ceremonies€and€rites€without€the€consent€of€the€church€at€large.€€But€Chemnitz€then€turnsÏthe€table€on€Trent.€€He€uses€the€councilððs€own€canon€to€say€that€it€is,€in€fact,€the€papacy€which€hasÏimproperly€changed€the€rites€of€the€church:ÌÓÓà0  àBut€what€this€canon€gives€birth€to€is€something€entirely€different,€namely,€that€the€popeÏalone,€with€his€mitred,€filleted,€and€horned€crowd,€can€according€to€his€pleasure€omit€ancientÏand€indeed€apostolic€rites€and€change€them€into€new€ones.€.€.€.׃E§×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÓR3ÓÐ…Õ(#(# Ðà  àWhat€Chemnitz€objects€to€is€the€anathematizing€of€those€who€have€called€for€the€neededÏreform€of€ð ðthose€papalist€rites€and€the€superstitious€opinions€connected€with€them.ðð׃F4×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð 9#‰! Їà  àAs€he€had€done€in€Part€Ô_ÔIÔ_Ô€of€the€òòExamenóó,€Chemnitz€goes€on€to€make€several€carefulÐ ° Ðdistinctions€among€types€of€rites:ÌÓÓà0  à.€.€.€in€the€administration€of€the€sacraments€we€distinguish€among€the€ceremonies,€and€teachÏthat€a€distinction€must€be€made.€€For€there€are€first€of€all€certain€rites€which€are€commandedÏin€the€institution€and€thus€are€necessary€and€essential€in€the€administration€of€theÏsacraments.€.€.€.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àSecond,€there€are€certain€things€in€the€administration€of€the€sacraments€which€haveÏtestimonies€and€examples€in€Scripture,€Ô_Ô.€.€.€e.g.Ô_Ô,€explanations€of€the€doctrine€of€theÏsacraments,€exhortations,€prayers,€giving€of€thanks,€etc.€€These€things€also€we€both€observeÏand€teach€that€they€should€be€diligently€observedð!ðhowever,€in€such€a€way€that€they€conformÏto€the€doctrine€of€the€sacraments€as€it€is€handed€down€in€Scripture.€.€.€.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àThird,€there€are€certain€other€rites€which€have€neither€the€command€nor€theÏtestimony€of€Scripture€but€were€added€by€churchmen.€€And€I€judge€that€not€even€all€of€thoseÏshould€be€rejected€or€condemned€in€general,€but€those€which€consist€of€words€andÏinterrogations€that€agree€with€the€Scripture€and€usefully€call€to€mind€and€explain€somethingÏconcerning€the€doctrine€of€the€sacraments€can€be€freely€retained.€.€.€.€[T]hose€things€may€beÏretained€and€used€which€.€.€.€serve€either€good€order€or€decorum€in€the€church,€or€.€.€.Ïpromote€the€edification€of€the€people.€.€.€.€Finally,€such€as€Ô_ÔillustrateÔ_Ô€the€things€which€belongÏto€the€essence€of€the€sacraments.€.€.€.ÓÒ6Ó׃G×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð^(#(# Ðà  àHere€Chemnitz€again€uses€the€criteria€of€good€order,€decorum,€and€edification€in€evaluatingÏceremonies.€€He€is€for€retaining€rites€which€meet€those€criteria.€€He€does€preserve€the€principle€ofÏfreedom,€but€he€does€not€think€that€these€rites€should€be€changed€by€any€individual€without€theÏconsent€of€the€church€at€large:€€ð ð.€.€.€they€can€be€omitted€or€be€changed€or€abrogated€by€the€directionÏand€consent€of€the€church.€€For€this€should€not€be€permitted€privately€to€the€whim€of€anyone.ðð׃HU×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€TheÐ P"   Ðrecurring€themes€in€Chemnitzðð€treatment€of€rites€and€ceremonies€are€becoming€clear:€€Ô_ÔedificationÔ_Ô,Ïorder,€and€decorum;€Ô_ÔfreedomÔ_Ô,€balanced€by€the€consent€of€the€church.ÌÐ Þ'.#& Ðà@è è ìàò òð ðConcerning€the€Ceremonies€of€the€Massððó óˆÐ ° Ðà  àIn€this€section€of€Part€II€of€the€òòExamenóó,€Chemnitz€again€begins€by€quoting€from€Trent:Ð ˆØ ÐÓÓà0  à.€.€.[H]oly€Mother€Church€has€.€.€.€employed€ceremonies,€.€.€.€in€order€that€by€them€theÏgrandeur€of€this€great€sacrifice€[of€the€Mass]€might€be€commended€and€the€minds€of€theÏfaithful€incited,€through€these€visible€signs€of€religion€and€piety,€to€contemplation€of€theÏexalted€things€which€lie€hidden€in€this€sacrifice.׃I×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ó½AÓÐ) y(#(# Ðà  àIn€response,€Chemnitz€reiterates€his€distinctions€among€ceremonies:ÌÓÓà0  àThe€ceremonies€of€the€Mass€are€not€all€of€one€kind.€€For€some€have€a€divine€command€andÏexamples€of€Scripture€that€they€should€be€done€at€the€celebration€of€the€Lordððs€Supper,€beingÏas€it€Ô_ÔwereÔ_Ô€essential.€.€.€.€Some€indeed€do€not€have€an€express€command€of€God,€that€theyÏmust€of€necessity€be€done€thus€in€the€celebration€of€the€Lordððs€Supper,€nevertheless€they€areÏin€their€nature€good€and€godly€if€they€are€used€rightly€for€edification.€.€.€.€Some€are€òòper€seóóÐ ‘á  Ðsuperstitious€and€ungodly.€.€.€.€Some€ceremonies€indeed€are€adiaphora,€such€as€vestments,Ïornaments,€words,€rites,€and€things€which€are€not€against€the€Word€of€God.€.€.€.€Of€the€thingsÏthat€belong€to€the€second€and€fourth€kind,€many€which€make€for€the€edification€of€peopleÏare€observed€in€our€churches€without€infringing€on€Christian€liberty.׃LU×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÓóCÓÐE•(#(# Ðà  àChemnitz€here€is€saying€that€ð ðour€churchesðð€observe€what€they€can€observe€and€change€whatÏmust€be€changed.€€ð ðWe€gladly€approve€and€observe€good€and€useful€rites€in€such€liberty.ðð׃Mâ×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀РùI ÐChemnitz€is€consistent€in€this€balanced€approach.Ìà@S S ìàò òChemnitzðð€Principle€on€Rites€and€Ceremoniesó óˆÐ ­ý Ðà  àIn€both€the€òòIudiciumóó€and€the€òòExamenóó,€we€have€seen€Chemnitz€develop€a€confessionalÐ …Õ Ðprinciple€in€regard€to€rites€and€ceremonies.€€They€are€by€nature€matters€of€indifference,€adiaphora.€ÏHowever,€when€their€use€would€give€place€to€the€opponents€of€true€doctrine,€such€ceremonies€ceaseÏto€be€indifferent€and€become€the€occasion€for€a€case€of€confession.€€Rites€must€serve€edification,Ð %c # Ðorder,€and€decorum.€€The€church€has€the€freedom€to€change€customary€rites€from€time€to€timeÏaccording€to€circumstances.€€But€liberty€is€not€license.€€Changes€should€not€be€made€by€the€whimÏof€an€individual€without€ñp ñof€ñp ñthe€consent€of€the€broader€church.Ìà  àThis€was€Chemnitzðð€principle.€€Now€what€was€his€practice?€€How€do€his€writings„„the€onesÏwe€have€looked€at€so€far€cover€the€years€1561„66ð!ðhow€Ô_ÔdoÔ_Ô€Chemnitzðð€writings€as€a€theologian€lineÏup€with€his€actions€as€a€churchman€in€the€years€that€follow?€€It€is€to€that€subject€we€now€turn.Ìà@88ìàò òTHE€CONFESSIONAL€PRACTICE€OF€CHEMNITZ€THE€CHURCHMANó óˆÐ Ì  Ðà  à€In€1567,€Martin€Chemnitz€became€the€superintendent€of€the€city€of€Braunschweig.€€WhenÏhe€accepted€that€call,€he€wrote€to€the€clergy€of€the€city:ÌÓÓà0  à.€.€.€we€must€all€stick€together,€as€we€have€in€the€past,€and€retain€the€practice€that€each€doesÏnot€build€up€himself€or€act€as€lord€in€his€congregation€and€do€what€he€pleases€in€preaching,Ïadministration€of€the€Sacraments,€liturgical€practices,€discipline€and€the€other€aspects€of€hisÏoffice,€acting€only€according€to€his€own€ideas,€but€rather€all€these€things€shall€be€and€remainÏthe€business€of€the€entire€ministerium.׃J×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÓÐNÓÐ \(#(# Ðà  àChemnitz€here€underlines€the€importance€of€acting€together,€that€each€one€should€not€go€offÏin€his€own€direction€with€regard€to€liturgical€practices.€€This€is€in€line€with€what€he€wrote€beforeÏabout€the€consent€of€the€church€versus€the€whim€of€the€individual.€€He€saw€these€matters€as€affectingÏthe€whole€church€and€requiring€the€mutual€concern€and€consideration€of€all€the€clergy€involved.Ìà  àAs€superintendent€of€Braunschweig,€Chemnitz€had€responsibility€for€overseeing€what€wentÏon€in€the€churches€of€the€city.€€The€following€year,€1568,€Duke€Julius€asked€Chemnitz€to€undertakeÏa€visitation€of€the€entire€duchy€of€Braunschweig.€€Chemnitz€prepared€a€church€order€for€thatÏpurpose,€based€on€preceding€church€orders,€and€he€was€assisted€in€the€visitation€by€Jacob€Andreae.€ÏThe€visitation€involved€278€pastoral€positions€in€all,€not€counting€those€in€the€city€of€BraunschweigÐ ¶)%( Ðitself.׃B×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€goal€in€regard€to€ceremonies€was€for€ð ðthe€neighboring€churches€of€this€principality€toÐ ° Ðhave€as€much€similarity€as€possible,€so€that€the€disparity€in€rites€would€not€result€in€offense€beingÏtaken€by€the€undiscerning€and€by€those€Christians€who€are€not€adequately€trained€in€Godððs€Word.ðð׃CU×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð d´ Ðà  àAfter€the€visitation,€the€church€order€was€revised€and€published.€€In€this€òòKirchenordnungóó€weÐ > Ž Ðwill€see€the€kind€of€liturgical€practice€that€Chemnitz€prescribed€for€the€churches.Ìà@?? ìàò òòòChurch€Order€[Kirchenordnung]€for€Braunschweig-Wolfenbttelóó€(1569)ó óˆÐ ò B  Ðà  àBefore€he€gets€to€the€actual€liturgical€prescriptions,€Chemnitz€lays€out€the€guiding€principlesÏð ðas€to€how€ceremonies€shall€be€treated€and€maintained€in€the€churches€of€our€princely€realmðð:ÌÓÓà0  àà ` à.€.€.€òòkirchenceremonienóó€.€.€.€are€so€to€be€ordered€by€the€churches€that€all€things€mayÐ ~Î Ðoccur€honorably,€orderly€and€for€the€betterment€of€the€church.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` à.€.€.€in€matter€of€such€indifferent€ceremonies€which€are€free€.€.€.€when€the€humanÏregulations€of€the€papacy€are€rejected,€the€intent€is€not€that€now€absolutely€no€order€inÏceremonies€should€be€maintained.€.€.€.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` à.€.€.€that€there€be€a€certain€order€regarding€which€place,€which€time,€which€persons,Ïand€what€sort€of€form€and€manner€shall€be€maintained,€when€dealing€with€the€Word,€theÏSacrament€and€prayer;€what€shall€precede,€what€shall€follow,€and€then€there€be€suchÏceremonies€which€give€the€external€indication€that€in€the€congregation€great,€high,€seriousÏdealings€are€present,€that€thus€the€ceremonies€lead,€stimulate,€admonish€and€move€the€peopleÏto€join€together€their€thoughts,€lift€up€their€hearts€in€all€humility,€that€there€be€in€theÏcongregation€heartfelt€devotion€to€the€Word,€the€Sacraments€and€prayer.€.€.€.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àDisagreement€in€rites€does€not€take€away€agreement€in€faith;€but€because€it€stillÏbrings€all€sorts€of€benefit€that€in€ceremonies,€so€much€as€it€is€possible,€a€uniformity€beÏmaintained,€and€that€such€uniformity€serves€to€maintain€unity€in€doctrine,€.€.€.€it€is€thereforeÏviewed€as€good,€that€as€much€as€possible€a€uniformity€in€ceremonies€with€neighboringÏreformed€churches€be€affected€and€maintained.Ð (#(# ÐÐ &R!$ Ðà0  àà ` àAnd€for€this€reason,€henceforth€all€pastors€in€the€churches€of€our€realm,€shallÏemphatically€follow€this€written€[church]€order,€and€not€depart€from€the€same€withoutÏspecific,€grave€cause.Ô_Ô׃K×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú25Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_ÔÓÒXÓЊÚ(#(# Ðà  àChemnitzðð€liturgical€practice€is€clearly€conservative.€€Church€ceremonies€are€to€be€orderedÏby€the€churches€(plural),€in€an€orderly€fashion.€€Simply€because€ceremonies€are€free€in€Ô_ÔprincipleÔ_Ô€doesÏnot€mean€there€is€no€order€in€practice.€€A€certain€order€should€be€maintained€in€dealing€with€theÏservice€of€Word€and€Sacrament.€€The€ceremonies€should€give€the€impression€that€ð ðgreat,€high,Ïserious€dealings€are€present.ðð€€The€ceremonies€should€lead€to€Ô_Ôa€ð ðheartfelt€devotionÔ_Ôðð€to€the€Word,Ïthe€Sacraments,€and€the€prayers€of€the€liturgy.€€Uniformity€in€ceremonies€from€church€to€church„„asÏmuch€as€possible„„is€highly€to€be€desired,€very€beneficial,€and€serves€to€maintain€unity€in€doctrine.€ÏAnd€it€should€be€noted€that€Chemnitzðð€long€maintained€principle€of€freedom€in€regard€to€ceremoniesÏwas€not€interpreted€by€him,€at€least,€to€prevent€him€from€requiring€strict€compliance€by€all€of€theÏclergy€with€the€liturgical€prescriptions€set€down€in€this€church€order.€€Indeed,€no€one€should€departÏfrom€this€order€ð ðwithout€specific,€grave€cause.ððÌà  àAnd€what€were€those€liturgical€prescriptions?€€There€were€many€of€them,€detailedÏinstructions€for€all€the€various€services€of€the€week€and€of€the€church€year:€€Saturdays€and€holy€dayÏeves;€Matins€or€Early€Sermon€Ô_Ôon€SundaysÔ_Ô€and€holy€days;€Ô_ÔMass€or€CommunionÔ_Ô;€Ô_ÔSundays€and€highÏfestival€afternoons;Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔFestivals€or€holy€days;Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔandÔ_Ô€weekdays.€€One€set€of€instructions€was€given€for€theÏcities;€Ô_ÔaÔ_Ô€similar,€but€slightly€less€difficult€(not€as€much€Latin),€set€was€provided€for€the€villages,Ïwhere€presumably€the€peopleð!ðand€clergyð!ðwere€less€educated.Ð &T!$ Їà  àAs€an€example€of€what€was€expected€in€all€the€churches,€here€is€the€list€of€instructions€forÏthe€regular€Sunday€Mass€in€the€cities:ÌÓÓà0  àMass€or€Communion€in€cities:€rung€at€7:00€when€the€early€service€is€ended.€(p.€142)€€MassÏvestments€are€to€be€worn,€with€fine€cloths€and€candles€on€the€altar.€€An€Introit€d.t.€is€sung,Ïthen€the€Kyrie,€Gloria,€Et€in€terra€at€times€in€Latin€and€at€times€in€German.€€Then€the€PriesterÏturns€to€the€people€and€sings€ð ðDer€Herr€sey€mit€euch.ðð€€The€people€answer€ð ðUnd€mit€deinemÏgeist.ðð€€Then€he€turns€to€the€altar€and€sings€a€collect€d.t.f.,€the€people€answering€ð ðAmen.ðð€ÏThen€he€turns€to€the€people€and€sings€or€reads€the€Epistle€in€German.€€Then€a€pure€Sequence,ÏAlleluia€or€Tract€is€sung,€so€that€the€scholars€receive€practice€in€Latin€Gesang;€or€a€psalmÏfrom€Lutherððs€hymnal€is€sung€instead,€with€which€the€congregation€sings€along.€€Then€theÏPriester€reads€the€Gospel€in€German€facing€the€people.€€Then€the€Patrem€or€Glaube€is€sung.€ÏWhen€the€Glaube€is€sung€in€German€the€organ€is€not€played.€(p.€143)€€Then€the€sermon:€theÏGospel€is€reread,€and€before€the€sermon€the€people€are€exhorted€to€prayer,€a€Vater€Unser€isÏsaid€or€sung:€ð ðNu€bitten€wir€den€heiligen€Geist.ðð€(ð ðDarauf€soll€man€ein€Vater€unser€sprechenÏoder€singen:€Nu€bitten€wir€den€heiligen€Geist.ðð)€€At€the€end€of€the€sermon€is€the€ffentlicheÏBeicht€and€absolution.€(p.€144)€€Then€exhortation€to€prayer€(p.€145)€€At€times€the€PredigerÏshould€exhort€the€people€that€they€are€to€remain€in€the€church€during€the€common€prayer€andÏcommunion.€€After€the€sermon€the€communicants€assemble€in€the€Chor.€€If€there€is€time€onÏfestivals€the€festival€preface€is€sung€in€the€cities.€€Then€the€exhortation€to€the€communicants.Ï(p.€146)€€Then€the€Priester€sings€the€Vater€Unser€and€Verba.€€The€Elevation€is€omitted.€ÏTowels€are€used€for€the€communion.€€During€the€communion€is€sung€ð ðJesus€Christus€unserÏheiland,ðð€ð ðGott€sey€gelobet,ðð€the€Sanctus,€the€Agnus€Dei,€ð ðEsaia€dem€prophetenðð€or€anotherÏhymn€or€ð ðO€lamb€Gottes€unschldig,ðð€as€many€as€are€necessary€to€cover€the€time.€€After€theÏcommunion€the€Thanksgiving€collect€is€sung€(p.€149),€then€the€Benediction.€€If€there€are€noÏcommunicants€the€Prediger€should€exhort€the€people€to€commune€more€frequently.€€AfterÏthe€sermon€the€Litany€is€sung,€then€the€Preister€reads€a€collect,€then€the€Benediction,€thenÏð ðErhalt€uns,€Herrðð€and€ð ðVerleihe€uns€Friedenðð€are€sung.׃N×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú26Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ó«hÓМì(#(# Ðà  àWhat€strikes€one€when€reading€this€order€of€service€is€how€similar€it€is€to€the€Divine€ServiceÏin€our€hymnal(s)€today:€€Introit,€Kyrie,€Gloria,€Salutation,€Collect,€Epistle,€Gospel,€Creed,€Sermon;ÏGeneral€Confession€and€Absolution€(which€we€have€moved€forward€as€Preparation€for€the€wholeÏservice);€the€Communion,€with€the€Preface,€Our€Father,€Verba,€Sanctus,€Agnus€Dei,€Thanksgiving,Ïand€Benediction.€€It€has€the€same€basic€structure,€with€the€same€texts,€canticles,€responses,€etc.€Ð Þ'.#& ÐMany€today€would€regard€the€service€as€ð ðtoo€Catholicðð:€€It€presumes€that€Communion€is€offered€atÏthe€Chief€Divine€Service€every€Sunday.€€It€presumes€vestments€and€chanting€by€the€pastor.€€ItÏprescribes€a€set€form€with€set€liturgical€responses€in€the€ordinary€of€the€Mass.€€The€instructions€areÏthorough€and€complete.€€They€are€liturgically€conservative€and€evangelically€sound.€€And€they€wereÏexpected€to€be€followed€at€all€the€churches,€all€the€time.Ìà  àIn€1571,€two€years€after€the€Braunschweig-Wolfenbttel€Church€Order,€Chemnitz€composedÏa€series€of€articles€which€were€subscribed€by€all€the€pastors€serving€in€the€territory.€€One€of€themÏread:€€ð ðLet€him€retain€the€rites€in€use€and€received€ceremonies€of€this€church,€and€not€presume€toÏchange€anything€by€private€decision€without€a€common€decree.ðð׃P×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú27Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€And€in€1578,€a€year€after€theÐ €Ð ÐFormula€of€Concord,€Chemnitz€wrote€in€a€letter€to€a€fellow€superintendent:ÌÓÓà0  àCeremonies€ought€not€be€thrust€upon€the€church,€rather€they€are€to€be€ordered€in€ChristianÏliberty€with€the€consensus€of€the€ministerium.€€This€freedom,€however,€is€not€license,€so€thatÏsomeone€by€his€own€choice€should€either€wrench€these€ceremonies€away,€or€change€them,Ïbut,€for€the€sake€of€conformity€with€others,€he€should€in€Christian€freedom,€freely€retainÏthose€ceremonies€ordained€and€received€by€the€church.€€But€he€who€by€private€judgementÏwrenches€them€away€is€rightly€punished.€€Not€that€the€ceremonies€are€necessary,€but€he€isÏpunished€because€of€his€impudence,€because€by€this€liberty€the€church€is€beset€withÏscandal.׃QU×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÓwxÓЯÿ(#(# Ðà@x x ìàò òChemnitzðð€Practice€on€Rites€and€Ceremoniesó óˆÐ ‰Ù Ðà  àChemnitz€clearly€and€consistently€believed€that€the€churches€and€pastors€should€act€together,Ïin€uniformity,€in€regard€to€ceremonies€and€rites.€€It€is€sheer€impudence€for€an€individual€pastor€toÏtake€it€upon€himself€to€change€the€approved€rites€of€the€church€at€large.€€It€disturbs€the€flock.€€It€doesÏnot€serve€good€order,€decorum,€or€edification.€€Chemnitzðð€practice€was€consistent€with€his€principle.Ð ï&?"% Їà@JJ%ìàò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ ° ÐÓÓà@™™ìàò òArticle€X,€ð ðThe€Ecclesiastical€Rites€that€Are€Called€Adiaphora€or€Things€Indifferent,ððˆÐ ˆØ Ðà@ooìàòòFormula€of€Concordóó€(1577)ó óÓá}ӈРtÄ Ðà  àWhen€quoting€Article€X€of€the€Formula,€it€is€important€not€only€to€define€adiaphora€asÏð ðceremonies€and€church€rites€which€are€neither€commanded€nor€forbidden€in€the€Word€of€God,ðð€itÏis€also€good€to€remember€the€words€that€follow:€€ð ð.€.€.€but€which€have€been€introduced€into€theÏchurch€with€good€intentions€for€the€sake€of€good€order€and€decorum.€.€.€.ðð׃R×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€advocates€ofÐ Ú*  Ðð ðcontemporary€worshipðð€are€fond€of€quoting€the€portion€of€Article€X€that€reads,€ð ðthe€community€ofÏGod€in€every€place€and€at€every€time€has€the€right,€authority,€and€power€to€change,€to€reduce,€or€toÏincrease€ceremonies€according€to€its€circumstances.€.€.€.ðð€€But€this€needs€to€be€balanced€by€the€restÏof€the€sentence:Ìà0  àÓÓ.€.€.€as€long€as€it€does€so€without€frivolity€and€offense€but€in€an€orderly€and€appropriate€way,Ïas€at€any€time€may€seem€to€be€most€profitable,€beneficial,€and€salutary€for€good€order,ÏChristian€discipline,€evangelical€decorum,€and€the€edification€of€the€church.׃SU×Ý ƒ5%ÃÝòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ó#‚ÓÐöF(#(# Ðà@]]ìàò òWould€Chemnitz€Approve?ó óˆÐ Ð  Ðà  àWe€have€seen€what€sort€of€rites€and€ceremonies€Chemnitz€would€regard€as€ð ðmost€profitable,Ïbeneficial,€and€salutary€for€good€order,€Christian€discipline,€evangelical€decorum,€and€theÏedification€of€the€church.ðð€€We€have€seen€his€strong€desire€for€uniformity€in€ceremonies€among€theÏcongregations€and€pastors€of€the€church€at€large.€€It€is€well€worth€wondering,€in€light€of€hisÏconfessional€principle€as€a€theologian€and€his€confessional€practice€as€a€churchman,€whether€MartinÏChemnitz€would€approve€of€what€his€Article€X€is€being€ñk ñcitñk ññn ññl ñusñl ññn ñño ñcitño ñedñh ñ€ñh ññi ññh ñFORñh ññi ññm ññj ñforñj ñ€ñm ñtoday€to€defend.Ð  ê&:"% ÐÓÓà@½½$ìàò òBibliographyó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà0  àà ° àBarry,€A.€L.€€òòThe€Unchanging€Feast:€The€Nature€and€Basis€of€Lutheran€Worshipóó.€€St.€Louis:€OfficeÐ ‰Ù Ðof€the€President,€Lutheran€Churchð!ðMissouri€Synod,€1995.€€(Pages€22„25€Ô_ÔareÔ_Ô€on€Chemnitz.)Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àBente,€F.€€ð ðHistorical€Introductions€to€the€Symbolical€Books€of€the€Evangelical€Lutheran€Church.ðð€ÏIn€òòConcordia€Triglottaóó.€€St.€Louis:€Concordia€Publishing€House,€1921.Ð= (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àChemnitz,€Martin.€€ð ðConcerning€Adiaphora.ðð€€Article€X€of€òòJudgment€[Iudicium]€on€CertainÐ  g ÐControversies€Concerning€Certain€Articles€of€the€Augsburg€Confession€Which€HaveÏRecently€Arisen€and€Caused€Controversyóó€(1561).€€Unpublished€translation€by€RandyÐ ñ A  ÐAsburry.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° à________.€€òòExamination€of€the€Council€of€Trentóó.€€Part€I€(1565).€€Trans.€Fred€Kramer.€€St.€Louis:Ð ¸  ÐConcordia€Publishing€House,€1971.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° à________.€€òòExamination€of€the€Council€of€Trentóó.€€Part€II€(1566).€€Trans.€Fred€Kramer.€€St.€Louis:Ð Ï ÐConcordia€Publishing€House,€1978.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àHarrison,€Matthew€C.€€ð ðMartin€Chemnitz€and€FC€X.ðð€€In€òòMysteria€Dei:€Essays€in€Honor€of€KurtÐ F– ÐMarquartóó,€ed.€Paul€T.€McCain€and€John€R.€Stephenson,€55„65.€€Fort€Wayne:€ConcordiaÐ 3ƒ ÐTheological€Seminary€Press,€1999.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àHerl,€Joseph.€€òòLiturgical€prescriptions€in€German€church€orders€to€1800óó.€€Unpub‚lished€data€file,Ð úJ Ð1997.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àParker,€Sean.€€ð ðWorship€Wars:€Traditional€worship€vs.€contemporary,ðð€LCMS€News,€November€22,Ï1996,€at€http://www.cuis.edu/ftp/lcmsnews/96/999885-WORSHIP_WARS.-961122.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àPreus,€J.€A.€O.€€òòThe€Second€Martin:€The€Life€and€Theology€of€Martin€Chemnitzóó.€€St.€Louis:Ð ˆØ ÐConcordia€Publishing€House,€1994.Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ° àTappert,€Theodore€G.,€trans.€and€ed.€€òòThe€Book€of€Concord:€The€Confessions€of€the€EvangelicalÐ O"Ÿ  ÐLutheran€Churchóó.€€Philadelphia:€Fortress€Press,€1959.Ð<#Œ!(#(# Ð